One of the more fascinating studies was done by this guy Julian Leff who created a computer avatar for a voice. Increasingly, we have research within psychiatry that suggests that when you train people to think about the meaning of their voices and to respond differently to their voices, voice hearing can change for them. LUHRMANN: I think there are reasons to think that that's true. RATH: Can you talk about the implications this might have for treatment? Could it be possible for people to learn how to perceive these voices differently? Somehow, this kind of - this sense of private violation is so much more salient to the Americans than it was to people in these two other worlds. Particularly in Chennai, there's this invitation to a much more social world to interpret that auditory experience as if it's another person. I think that there's a much more of a invitation to think about things supernatural, to think about the religious world, to interpret these experiences as the voice of a spirit. I think they're different social invitations in Chennai and Accra. And I think people find that terribly upsetting. And they have this model that when you hear an audible voice, it means that your mind is broken. LUHRMANN: So I think Americans think of their minds as a private fortress. Luhrmann is not a psychologist but a professor of anthropology, so I asked her about the cultural factors that could influence the nature of hallucinations. doesn't necessarily mean that you'll hear scarier voices, but the broader differences across cultures were unmistakable. Luhrmann emphasizes these are findings across populations, not individuals. And in Chennai, people heard annoying relatives who told them to do chores and cleanup. In Ghana, the Africans heard an audible God who told them not to ignore those evil voices. TANYA LUHRMANN: The Americans I spoke to, they felt assaulted by horrible voices that told them that they were worthless and they should die. Tanya Luhrmann went through accounts of schizophrenics in the U.S., in Accra, Ghana and in Chennai, India. But the experience of those voices - what they say and how they say it - might be different across cultures. You may also have brain imaging tests like a CT scan or MRI.Īlzheimer’s disease is not curable, but there are some medications that can slow its progression.For people with schizophrenia, auditory hallucinations can be terrifying - voices that come out of nowhere to berate you or tell you to harm yourself. As it progresses, hallucinations can occur.Īlzheimer’s disease is diagnosed with a combination of cognitive tests, a physical examination, and blood tests. The risk of Alzheimer’s increases with age and having a family history of the disease. The tangles block the neuron’s ability to function, causing the cells to die.Īlzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. Other neurons can also be damaged, leading to tangles-twisted strands of protein. Alzheimer’s disease causes abnormal plaques, a buildup of certain proteins, which block signaling between brain cells (neurons). Change in behavior and the ability to functionĪlzheimer’s disease affects the brain, causing problems with memory, functioning, and impaired judgement.This continues until the trigger no longer causes the same response. Another treatment is called exposure therapy, where people are exposed (either in real life or through imagination) to their triggers in a controlled setting. Treatment for PTSD includes medications such as antidepressants and antipsychotics, along with counseling. People with PTSD may also have other mental health conditions like depression, anxiety, or substance use. Symptoms may include anxiety, insomnia, being irritable or aggressive, and psychosis, including hallucinations and flashbacks. Common triggers for PTSD are sexual assault, combat, and physical illness. This trauma can be a single event or a repeated ongoing trauma. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) causes a range of symptoms that are triggered by trauma. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Symptoms
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